Journal of Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering (JICSE)

Abstract Abstract - - Abstract - - Abstract - This paper proposes a master-slave approach to simultaneously control two drones with the aim of carrying an object toward a goal. The proposed method utilizes the Double Deep Q-Learning (DDQN) technique to train a master agent to be able to carry an object toward a goal with the help of a slave agent. This procedure is implemented such that the master agent gathers the observations and specifies the actions to be made by itself and the slave agent. Indeed, the slave agent just applies a predefined action and does not process any input for producing the output. This manner of learning, leads to a unified convergence to an optimal solution compared to the situation in which each agent is trained separately. To verify the functionality of the proposed method, the algorithm is examined in the webots simulation environment. The simulations show that the introduced method has a good performance when controlling the drones to reach to the goal. The introduced method, other than algorithmic benefits which leads to a faster convergence of the model, suggests some reduction in the processing demand. The reason is that the learning procedure is guided by one of the agents and consequently only one of the agents is responsible for doing the calculations that lead to choosing the action. In this scenario, the slave agent does not require any processing resources for choosing the action and just simply applies a predefined action dictated by the master agent.

Abstract I. Abstract— This paper examines the legal frameworks governing the criminal liability of artificial intelligence (AI) in Iran and Saudi Arabia, focusing on how both countries address the evolving role of AI in criminal acts. With the rapid advancement of AI technologies—from narrow (weak) AI, which performs specific tasks, to general (strong) AI, capable of autonomous decision-making—complex legal and ethical questions have emerged. Specifically, this paper examines the applicability of three theoretical models of AI criminal liability: Perpetration-By-Another Liability, Natural-Probable-Consequence Liability, and Direct Liability.

II. The comparative analysis highlights that despite differences in legal traditions and societal contexts, both Iran and Saudi Arabia recognize that AI itself cannot bear criminal responsibility, and instead, liability is attributed to human actors, such as developers, users, and operators. The findings suggest that integrating technological progress with ethical and legal safeguards, grounded in Islamic jurisprudence, is essential for addressing the challenges posed by AI-related crimes in both jurisdictions.

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive modeling framework for managing the complexities inherent in modeling dynamic and intelligent embedded and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Leveraging the scenario-aware dataflow (SADF) model of computation (MoC), our framework effectively captures CPS dynamism through controlled scenario representations. We establish denotational-style semantics within the Formal System Design (ForSyDe) framework and operational-style semantics tailored for practical industrial implementation. Integration of SADF MoC into ForSyDe-SystemC exploits modern C++ language features, offering type- and size-safety, model introspection, parallel simulation, and foreign model integration. The contributed SADF extension possesses the capability to seamlessly interconnect with other MoCs, thereby facilitating heterogeneous system modeling. Demonstrational examples, including an encoder/decoder system and an MPEG-4 decoder algorithm for the simple profile, attest to the framework's correctness and practicality. We also introduce a tool flow for automated synthetic benchmark generation, essential for assessing the scalability and performance of ForSyDe-SystemC SADF models in diverse conditions. The extended modeling framework, examples, and supporting tools are available as public domain code.

Abstract Skin cancer is one of the deadliest but most prevalent types of cancer; as such, early diagnosis is urgently required to improve patient outcomes. This work presents a collaborative deep learning model that classifies skin cancer with respect to three different networks: EfficientnetB1, EfficientnetB2, and EfficientnetV2s on dermoscopic images. The proposed collaborative model has a multi-head attention mechanism, ensuring that this model has a better attention capability for improving its accuracy in the task of classification. The HAM10k dataset provided the proposed model with a platform for fine tuning with transfer learning, along with some augmentation techniques to handle class imbalance challenges and feature variations of lesions. The results for the ensemble model combined with Multi-Head Attention were very high: an accuracy of 97.11%, and precision, recall, and F1-score are also very high. These findings prove that our approach can dramatically improve automation in skin cancer detection. Therefore, it will be helpful in clinical dermatology for early diagnosis in medicine.

Abstract Abstract— With the increase in textual data generated on the internet and the limited time individuals have for reading, the need for automatic text summarization is more essential than ever. One application of summarization is title generation. The goal of this study, which falls within the field of digital humanities and interdisciplinary studies, is to provide a framework for title generation through extractive and abstractive summarization methods, focusing specifically on chapters of the Qur'an. For extractive summarization, eleven different methods have been examined, some of which are novel and innovative. For the abstractive part and title generation, several models have been trained to select the most effective one. In this research, the Persian translation of the Qur'an is used as the primary source, and a dataset was created based on the first ten parts (juz) of the Qur'an, including extractive summaries, abstractive summaries, and titles for various sections of the chapters. The results of this study indicate that the titles generated through summarization are close to human-generated titles, based on BERTScore, R-1, R-2, and R-l values of 21.03, 6.85, 20.73, and 52.51, respectively. It is important to note in the evaluation that a single fixed title does not exist for a document; multiple titles may also be valid. In human evaluation, we observed that the average score produced by the proposed approach is 0.59, while for the best results from other approaches, this value is 0.44.

Abstract Abstract—In today's world, DDoS attacks are becoming more common and complex; thus, they constitute a great challenge for network security under the auspices of SDN. The research effort described here proposes an integrated hybrid model called "LDA-ML," which leverages some state-of-the-art machine learning methods: LDA, naive bayes, random forest, and logistic regression. We optimize the data analysis process by leveraging LDA for feature selection and dimensionality reduction, followed by a sequential application of the classifiers to exploit their strengths. Evaluated on the CICDDoS-2019 dataset, the proposed model has achieved an outstanding accuracy of 98.98%, indicating the efficacy of the model in correctly classifying benign versus attack traffic. All of the above underlines the robustness of the proposed LDA-ML model, pointing to great potential for its application to continuously improve cybersecurity strategies against DDoS threats in SDN architectures. This holistic approach offers improvements in detection, while it also enriches diagnostic insights-an important contribution to finding effective security solutions in increasingly dynamic network environments.

Abstract K-means clustering is one of the most prominent clustering methods that is used in many applications. By considering a widespread application of k-means clustering, redesign of this method in the context of high-performance computing has a considerable impact. In this paper, we consider scalability and utilize the available resources at a different level of parallelism. As a result, novel techniques are proposed for different hardware platforms, which are evaluated separately on uniformly random generated datasets and with different sizes. We change classic two-stage Lloyd’s formulation to a three stage that utilizes different techniques for each stage separately. Besides, we use an algebraic technique to reduce the amount of calculation and lay the foundation for consequent ideas. In CPUs, we propose a parallel architecture based on OpenMP and AVX2 instruction set. In GPUs, we utilize atomic operation and shared memory without considering GPU memory, and shared memory capabilities. Proposed method extends to multi-GPU. We merge these techniques and utilize MPI to scale it for multiple-node platforms.

Abstract Abstract— Detecting white blood cells (WBC) in microscopic images is essential in medical diagnosis. Manual analysis of these images is time-consuming and has a high error rate. Using object detection for WBCs detection with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) can be considered a practical and effective solution. In this study, a CNN model is proposed to classify these images. In order to achieve optimal training performance, CNNs have many hyperparameters, such as dropout rate, number of hidden units in each hidden layer, activation function, loss function and optimizer, which need to be optimized. Therefore, a hyperparameter optimization approach based on a genetic algorithm is suggested, which can then be used to select the best combination parameters to improve accuracy and efficiency in detecting white blood cells in microscopic images. This new approach is significant and flexible for medical technicians to use in clinical practice for examining blood cell microscopy. In this research, the images were classified into five classes and the mean accuracy of the model for the five classes was 87%, which is considered a good accuracy for classification into five classes.

Abstract Abstract—In today's world, simplifying compound and complex sentences into simple sentences is crucial for enhancing machine understanding in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as inference, machine translation, and information extraction. This simplification process improves accuracy. Consequently, our research is inspired by a text simplification method called "split and rephrase." We introduce a new sequence-to-sequence text generation model that transforms complex sentences into simple ones based on the conjunction "and" in Persian. By utilizing linguistic models with millions or even billions of parameters, our approach facilitates a better understanding of text complexities and more accurate identification of breaking points. Our results show an output accuracy of 0.47 in the BLEU score for the generated simple sentences, which are both grammatically correct and fluent. By utilizing linguistic models with millions or even billions of parameters, our approach facilitates a better understanding of text complexities and more accurate identification of breaking points. Our results show an output accuracy of 0.47 in the BLEU score for the generated simple sentences, which are both grammatically correct and fluent.

Abstract Abstract— The issue of intrusion in security presents a fundamental challenge that can lead to serious damage in IT systems. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) serve as effective tools for identifying intrusion activities and generating alerts. However, traditional IDS methods often face issues such as low accuracy and long training times. Therefore, enhancing the performance and efficiency of these systems is crucial. The proposed approach in this study leverages evolutionary optimization algorithms combined with machine learning approaches to improve accuracy and training speed in IDS and better manage large volumes of data. This combination leads to the development of an Evolutionary Neural Network (ENN) that enhances and optimizes IDS performance. In this approach, BUZOA and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms are used for feature selection, and decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, and deep neural network algorithms are used for classification and intrusion detection. The dataset used in this research is from the CICDDOS2019 database, containing 54,000 samples and 22 initial features. The experimental results indicate that among the metaheuristic algorithms BUZOA and ACO, and their combinations with decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, and support vector machine, the BUZOA-CNN hybrid algorithm with an average RMSE of 0.0117 and an accuracy of 96.32% performs better than other algorithms.

Abstract With growing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the number of connected devices and the complexity of its applications increase. Therefore, novel concepts such as edge and fog computing are suggested to introduce processing, connectivity and storage capabilities between devices and the cloud to overcome the challenge of handling large amounts of data. However, these layers introduce new challenges in their design, especially in the architecture and micro-architecture levels. In this article, a systematic NISC-based (No Instruction Set Computer) micro-architecture design methodology, NIMA, is presented to rapidly and optimally customize a processor architecture for an application domain of interest, based on a representative benchmark. A new utilization metric and a supporting heuristic algorithm are proposed to help with optimizing the processor data-path. We apply our methodology to design optimal processors based on the performance, area or power design objectives for a proposed benchmark in the fog computing domain. Experimental evidence shows the improvement of desired objectives in different scenarios compared to a conventional MIPS-based processor.

Abstract Understanding dynamic systems like disease outbreaks, social influence, and information diffusion requires effective modeling of complex networks. Traditional evaluation methods for static networks often fall short when applied to temporal networks. This paper introduces DGSP-GCN (Dynamic Graph Similarity Prediction based on Graph Convolutional Network), a deep learning-based framework that integrates graph convolutional networks with dynamic graph signal processing techniques to provide a unified solution for evaluating generative models and detecting anomalies in dynamic networks. DGSP-GCN assesses how well a generated network snapshot matches the expected temporal evolution, incorporating an attention mechanism to improve embedding quality and capture dynamic structural changes. The approach was tested on five real-world datasets: WikiMath, Chickenpox, PedalMe, MontevideoBus, and MetraLa. Results show that DGSP-GCN outperforms baseline methods, such as time series regression and random similarity assignment, achieving the lowest error rates (MSE of 0.0645, MAE of 0.1781, RMSE of 0.2507). These findings highlight DGSP-GCN's effectiveness in evaluating and detecting anomalies in dynamic networks, offering valuable insights for network evolution and anomaly detection research.

Abstract Abstract— Telecommunications companies rely on recommendation systems to deliver personalized services and enhance customer satisfaction. Traditional methods, such as Collaborative Filtering (CF) and Content-Based Filtering (CBF), often fall short in capturing the complex relationships and social influences inherent in large telecom networks. In this paper, we propose a novel Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based recommendation system that integrates customer profiles with graph data representing customer interactions (e.g., calls, messages). The system uses the GraphSAGE architecture to aggregate information from each customer’s network, enabling it to learn from both direct and indirect relationships. By combining customer demographic and usage data with interaction networks, our model provides more accurate and personalized service recommendations.

We evaluate the system on a real-world telecom dataset, comparing it with traditional models, including CF, CBF, and Matrix Factorization (MF). The GNN-based system achieves a significant performance boost, with a precision of 0.81 and an F1-score of 0.80, outperforming all baselines. These results highlight the ability of GNNs to capture social and communication patterns, making them highly effective for telecom recommendations. Future work will explore the scalability of the system and its application to real-time data, further enhancing its potential for customer retention and revenue growth.

Abstract Abstract—The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) offers new avenues for enhancing the identification, control, and autonomous operation of marine vehicles. This study investigates the application of AI techniques in maritime environments, focusing on object detection, navigation, and autonomous control to support safe and efficient operations in various marine conditions. Key objectives include evaluating machine learning models for identifying and tracking marine vehicles and the development of intelligent control algorithms that can adapt to dynamic oceanic settings. Methods involved training convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on datasets of marine images for object identification and using reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to optimize the control systems of autonomous marine vehicles. Results demonstrate that CNN-based models achieve high accuracy in vehicle identification, even under challenging visual conditions such as low lighting or occlusion. At the same time, RL-driven control systems adapt effectively to complex, fluctuating marine environments. Simulated and real-world testing indicated that these AI techniques improve vessel maneuverability and response times, leading to more efficient and safer operations. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of AI to revolutionize marine vehicle identification and control, with implications for enhanced security, efficiency, and sustainability in maritime operations. It is advisable to conduct additional research to improve these models, enabling their application across a wider range of marine environments.

Abstract As quantum computers become increasingly powerful, the threat of attacking classical algorithms will become more significant. Hence, post-quantum cryptography algorithms are effective alternatives to previous asymmetric algorithms. NTRU Prime is one of the KEM algorithms based on the attention grid in the NIST competition. Implementing such algorithms involves heavy polynomial multiplications over a ring. Number theoretic transformations allow the multiplication of polynomials to be performed in quasi-linear time O(nlog(n)). Hardware implementations of NTT multipliers are typically implemented using a butterfly structure to increase efficiency. We have proposed an efficient architecture for the NTT multiplier. We have redesigned and modified the method for using and storing the pre-processed data, this idea results in a 7% increase in frequency and a reduction of over 14% in the use of LUTs, compared to the best previous work. As a result of the reduction in delay, as well as the reduction in resources consumed, the efficiency of the process has been increased.

Abstract 3D object detection for self-driving cars has emerged as a critical challenge, largely due to the constraints of computing resources and the requirement for real-time processing. For evaluation, we utilize the KITTI benchmark dataset, which is widely used for self-driving cars and 3D object detection research. In this paper, an adaptive Weighted knowledge distillation approach is proposed to enhance detection accuracy while improving computational efficiency. Based on the performance of the teacher model, point clouds are divided into TPS (Teacher Performs Strongly) and TPW (Teacher Performs Weakly). The student model adapts its learning strategy dynamically: for TPS point clouds, it closely imitates the teacher by increasing the distillation weight, whereas for TPW point clouds, it prioritizes learning from raw data, reducing reliance on the teacher’s guidance. Additionally, a data pruning mechanism creates a smaller dataset from the KITTI benchmark based on the teacher model’s performance, while maintaining the TPS-TPW ratio. Experimental results indicate that the student model achieves comparable, and in some cases superior, performance to the teacher model. Specifically, it enhances recall by up to 1.5% and precision by up to 2.2% in complex scenarios. The student model is a lightweight network that learns from the teacher through knowledge distillation [28] and is solely used during execution. This design reduces execution time by nearly 50% while maintaining high detection accuracy. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed framework in real-time 3D object detection, making it well-suited for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as self-driving cars.

Abstract Abstract— Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques. Early detection is crucial for timely intervention, and the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio is a key biomarker for identifying amyloid deposition. In this study, we propose a method to predict the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio using the extracted features from MRI images using 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3D CNN). Moreover, Random Forest Regression is employed to obtain the relationship between MRI features and the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation (r = 0.72) between the predicted and actual Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios, effectively predicting amyloid accumulation. This result also makes the proposed feature extraction model more reliable. By leveraging MRI and molecular biomarkers such as the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, the proposed method provides valuable insights into disease progression and early diagnosis. By leveraging MRI and molecular biomarkers such as the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, the proposed method provides valuable insights into disease progression and early diagnosis.

Abstract Abstract—This paper presents an intelligent non-player char- acter(NPC) for a survival game with a modified Q-learning-based scheme. Due to the dynamics of the computer game environment, reinforcement learning is employed to make this agent smart. This leads the agent to react appropriately based on the game’s scenario by choosing an action that provides a higher reward in the current situation. This is like a brain for the target NPC that processes different situations and reacts appropriately. Our intelligent agent is applied to a sample survival game with different complexity levels. In this game, multiple characters and objects alongside win-and-lose scenarios are considered. Our designed intelligent NPC is equipped with modified Q-learning to interact and try different actions on objects and learn about them. This learning process leads to an experience saved in the designed agent to react best to the environment. The efficiency of our proposed approach is evaluated through multiple scenarios and the appropriate reaction of the NPC is verified.

Abstract Augmented reality technology integrates information with the environment in real-time. The capability to add information to objects and interact with users according to their requests can be an enjoyable and useful experience. Most Augmented Reality systems have a fixed static database containing registered objects. To enhance Augmented Reality applications, dynamic information sources can be used. An information source such as the web which has expanded and up-to-date data, could be an appropriate alternative. Using these information sources in real-time enables the use of Augmented Reality on a wider scale.
This paper introduces an Augmented Reality model based on online content is presented. In this research, case studies are human faces and context-based information is a virtual element, i.e., information about the target face. Using web information resources dynamizes the system in a variety of environments. Furthermore, the user interacts with the system through question-answering. Deep learning methods have been used for information retrieval and question-answering. Moreover, Answers to frequently asked questions that are confirmed by users are stored in the database for faster response time.
The experimental results reveal that users can interact with the Augmented Reality system through question-answering and augment the required information with a speed of 0.642 seconds and an F-score of 87.9% on the SQuAD dataset.

Abstract With the rapid expansion of the Internet and social networks, the volume of images available online has increased dramatically, making it challenging for users to find relevant content. To address this problem, we propose incorporating emotion analysis as a key factor in understanding user preferences, thereby creating a more personalized and effective image recommendation system. In this article, we examine two approaches to utilizing emotional features in image recommendation. The first approach integrates emotional features directly into the feature vector used for training the recommendation model. The second approach refines recommendations through emotion-based postprocessing, where emotional proximity between users and images is used to re-rank recommendations. This study emphasizes the value of emotion analysis in advancing the personalization and efficacy of social image recommendation systems. Experimental results indicate that both approaches significantly improve recommendation performance, achieving higher metrics such as Recall@k and Precision@k. These findings demonstrate that emotional analysis enhances personalization and effectiveness in social image recommendation systems.

Abstract Abstract - As artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly becomes central to digital transformation, businesses across industries are recognizing its transformative potential for enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and innovation. This article examines a structured framework for AI integration that empowers businesses to manage the challenges associated with AI implementation, emphasizing both technical and "soft" competencies crucial for successful implementation. Through a phased approach, including Discovery, Roadmap Design, Implementation, and Evaluation, this review provides actionable insights to align AI solutions with business objectives, optimize resources, and overcome organizational barriers. The framework highlights how AI-driven tools, such as predictive analytics, data mining, and automated decision-making systems, enhance strategic capabilities, streamline operations, and improve customer engagement. To ensure long-term success, this study underscores the significance of cultivating an environment that promotes innovation and teamwork. AI adoption requires not only robust data infrastructure and technical expertise but also strategic foresight, cross-functional collaboration, and a commitment to iterative learning. By integrating technical and soft knowledge, organizations can overcome challenges in AI adoption, such as resistance to change and uncertain ROI, by fostering a supportive environment that enables AI-driven growth. This article provides decision-makers with a thorough guide, equipping them with the insight needed to maximize AI’s potential for long-term competitive success in an evolving digital world.

Abstract Abstract— This research proposes a novel approach to create a foundation for dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) within computer games that use procedural content generation (PCG), utilizing imitation learning to optimize gameplay. When PCG is used in creating the levels and enemies within a game, the difficulty adjustment must be ensured so that the game is not too hard or too easy for each player. However, PCG is random by nature, and thus, the developers may have a challenging task of adjusting the difficulty for each player in such games. The study aims to address these limitations by developing a foundation for DDA models based on imitation learning. The proposed model incorporates an imitation learning component, referred to as the 'Clone,' which replicates the player’s behavior, alongside an enemy creator agent that leverages procedural content generation (PCG) to design enemies. By analyzing the Clone's performance against these procedurally generated enemies, the system ensures the creation of fair and engaging levels. To this end, a 2D platformer Unity game using PCG was developed, and imitation learning was utilized through Unity's ML-agents module. These models were used to mimic the players' play-style to predict the player's performance in PCG-generated levels. Three separate models were created to mimic five players. It was observed that two of these models could mimic players' performance, showing that this method can be used to implement DDA.

Abstract While the growth of technology has greatly benefited humanity, it also brings along several drawbacks that can undermine these benefits. Despite its ability to detect attacks and deter various forms of theft, technology is often regarded as a tool for creating new theft techniques. Conducting a systematic review, this article discusses the current state of the art in terms of identity theft motivations, the techniques employed, and the potential harm inflicted upon victims. The paper findings reveal that the reasons behind such incidents can be categorized into seven main categories: financial, commercial, health and medical, educational, citizenship, Internet of Things (IoT), and informational. Fraudsters employ various methods to steal identity information, which can be categorized as social engineering, vulnerabilities, malware, eavesdropping, and information gathering. However, it is important to note that not all identity theft reasons are a concern for people of all ages. This article addresses the examination of potential threats within different age groups. Tragically, victims of identity theft often endure significant financial, legal, social, and health harm as a result of these malicious activities. One of the primary strategies to combat this crime involves investigating the causes, methods, and age distribution of the potential victim population.

Abstract Graph-structured data, common in real-world applications, captures entities (nodes) and their relationships (edges). While traditional methods integrate node content and neighborhood information to represent nodes in a latent space, random walks—despite being grounded in graph topology—suffer from limitations such as bias towards high-degree nodes, slow convergence, and difficulty in handling disconnected components. To address these issues, we introduce the "Feature-Based Random Walk on Graphs" (FARW), an advanced method that prioritizes node similarity in random walks. Unlike traditional approaches, FARW determines movement based on node features, enabling a more comprehensive analysis of complex networks. This feature-based approach improves the representation of heterogeneous graphs and enhances performance on a variety of tasks. Moreover, FARW demonstrates greater robustness when the graph structure changes. Experiments on three datasets—Cora, PubMed, and CiteSeer—show that FARW outperforms traditional structure-based random walks and the Node2Vec method, achieving accuracies of 87%, 83%, and 65%, respectively. These results suggest that incorporating node features during random walks improves the efficiency and accuracy of network analysis across diverse applications

Abstract Abstract—The paper aimed to analyze the thematic evolution and various networks of intellectual structures in the field of biomedical ontologies during 2014-2023. This applied research used an analytical and descriptive method, co-word techniques, and social network analysis. A web-based interface of bibliometrix, Microsoft Excel, and VOSviewer software were used for descriptive bibliometric study, data analysis, and network structure visualization. The period from mid-2020 to mid-2021 presented an increased dissemination of significant and prominent keywords within the overlay network in the field. Five major topic clusters were identified based on a co-occurrence network. These clusters labeled ‘gene ontology’, ‘biomedical informatics focusing on AI techniques’, ‘bioinformatics applications in biomarker discovery’, ‘protein interaction networks in Alzheimer's proteomics’, and ‘network-based molecular mechanism’. Basic clusters were ’gene ontology’, ‘bioinformatics’, and ‘gene expression’. Moreover, five clusters experienced significant developments between 2023 and 2024, namely ‘bioinformatics’, ‘deep learning’, ‘machine learning’, ‘transcriptome’, and ‘network pharmacology’. These topics are the latest and hottest concepts in this field. Clusters, namely ‘deep learning’,’ machine learning, and ‘ontology’ were recognized as niche and the most well-developed themes. The most mature and mainstream thematic clusters were namely ‘transcriptome’, ’prognosis’, and ‘rna-seq’. The most undeveloped and chaotic themes were ‘network pharmacology’ and ‘molecular docking’.