Journal of Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering (JICSE)

Abstract Abstract— Deep learning has emerged as a transformative technology in ophthalmology, addressing critical challenges in the diagnosis and management of eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). These conditions, among the leading causes of preventable blindness, require accurate and timely detection, which is often limited by traditional diagnostic methods due to inefficiency and the complexity of interpretation. The goal of this study is to examine the applications of deep learning in the diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases and to help researchers gain a better understanding of recent advances in model development, identify challenges associated with widespread implementation of these models in real-world applications, and outline future research directions in this area. Methodologically, recent studies using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), vision transformers, and hybrid models demonstrate high diagnostic accuracy and potential for early disease detection. Applications extend beyond disease diagnosis to lesion segmentation, disease progression monitoring, and personalized treatment planning. Deep learning systems have demonstrated comparable or superior diagnostic performance to human experts in detecting diseases such as DR and glaucoma. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including limited generalizability, data bias, and the need for explainable AI models to foster clinical trust and adoption. Addressing these challenges through improved model transparency, diverse datasets, and ethical frameworks will be critical to integrating deep learning into routine ophthalmic practice. This review highlights the significant advances in deep learning-driven ophthalmology and outlines a path for future research to optimize its clinical implementation.

Abstract Skin cancer is one of the deadliest but most prevalent types of cancer; as such, early diagnosis is urgently required to improve patient outcomes. This work presents a collaborative deep learning model that classifies skin cancer with respect to three different networks: EfficientnetB1, EfficientnetB2, and EfficientnetV2s on dermoscopic images. The proposed collaborative model has a multi-head attention mechanism, ensuring that this model has a better attention capability for improving its accuracy in the task of classification. The HAM10k dataset provided the proposed model with a platform for fine tuning with transfer learning, along with some augmentation techniques to handle class imbalance challenges and feature variations of lesions. The results for the ensemble model combined with Multi-Head Attention were very high: an accuracy of 97.11%, and precision, recall, and F1-score are also very high. These findings prove that our approach can dramatically improve automation in skin cancer detection. Therefore, it will be helpful in clinical dermatology for early diagnosis in medicine.