Space–Air–Ground–Ocean Integrated Networks are being investigated as a communication framework for exchanging data across terrestrial, aerial, space, maritime-surface, and underwater environments. Environmental monitoring and resilient operation along strategic waterways expose limitations in conventional single-domain architectures, particularly when links differ sharply in propagation, capacity, delay, availability, and security exposure. This review assesses emerging communication infrastructures across the four domains and examines signal attenuation underwater, satellite-link delay, channel uncertainty, intelligent surface gateways, heterogeneous radio-frequency (RF), acoustic, and optical media, software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), and adaptive protocols. Building on prior surveys of individual domains or themes, it jointly analyzes cross-domain architecture, heterogeneous transmission media, protocol convergence through intelligent surface gateways, SDN/NFV- and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted network management, cyber resilience, and open research directions for strategically important maritime environments. The review concludes by identifying evidence gaps and validation priorities for interoperable, energy-aware, secure, and disruption-tolerant services spanning remote ocean regions and other heterogeneous environments.
Shafie, M. S., Ghane, S. & Shirmohammadi, M. M. (2026). A Comprehensive Review of the Architecture, Challenges, Key Technologies, and Future Trends in Space–Air–Ground–Ocean Integrated Networks. Journal of Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering (JICSE), 3(2), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.48308/jicse.2026.245086.1103
MLA
Shafie, M. S., Ghane, S., & Shirmohammadi, M. M. "A Comprehensive Review of the Architecture, Challenges, Key Technologies, and Future Trends in Space–Air–Ground–Ocean Integrated Networks", Journal of Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering (JICSE), 3, 2, 2026, 34–47. doi: 10.48308/jicse.2026.245086.1103
HARVARD
Shafie, M. S., Ghane, S., & Shirmohammadi, M. M. (2026). 'A Comprehensive Review of the Architecture, Challenges, Key Technologies, and Future Trends in Space–Air–Ground–Ocean Integrated Networks', Journal of Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering (JICSE), 3(2), pp. 34–47. doi: 10.48308/jicse.2026.245086.1103
CHICAGO
Shafie, M. S., Ghane, S. & Shirmohammadi, M. M., "A Comprehensive Review of the Architecture, Challenges, Key Technologies, and Future Trends in Space–Air–Ground–Ocean Integrated Networks." Journal of Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering (JICSE), 3 2 (2026): 34–47, doi: 10.48308/jicse.2026.245086.1103
VANCOUVER
Shafie M. S., Ghane S., Shirmohammadi M. M. A Comprehensive Review of the Architecture, Challenges, Key Technologies, and Future Trends in Space–Air–Ground–Ocean Integrated Networks. JICSE. 2026;3(2):34–47. doi: 10.48308/jicse.2026.245086.1103
